«Потерянная колония» Роанок: почему Кроатоан -- не загадка

Not a Lost Colony, Croatoan not a mystery

Источник: https://www.ryandawson.org/p/not-a-lost-colony-croatoan-not-a

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i'll give you the timeline without all the details and then i'll kick it over to scott this is what happened first 1584 on a recon mission the english land and what's called hatteras island today croatoan island at that time 38 men they stay for six weeks and then they leave the following year in april of 1585 to 1586 hundreds of men would stay for 14 months it begins with 600 people most leave after the first month but 105 stay in august of that year august 24th that group splits up a portion go to roanoke island a portion stay in croatoan in 1586 that group hitched a ride home with sir francis drake the privateer slash pirate they just missed their resupply ship that arrives not knowing what had happened everybody was gone so they leave 15 soldiers at the fort in roanoke and then they leave in 1587 more come to pick up the 15 men who have been left behind discovered they'd all been killed these people get marooned by their captain simon fernando he's portuguese captain he leaves there's some circumstances to explain why that is this becomes the lost colony they have two natives with them from croatoan where there had already been living where they had had prior voyages to this is towe and mantio obviously they went back to croatoan that's they literally wrote it down it's not really a mystery where this group goes it went back to where the previous voyages had already established a place to live it went back to the place where they had friendly native americans with them from that area from that tribe and that is what they wrote down but if you omit the prior voyages to croatoan and you act like oh the story just starts on roanoke with no previous history then it's confusing that's all it is they don't tell you about the previous voyages they don't tell you that they took croato coatoan indians back to england and then back to rolling up with them all of that's missing when you have the details the story is simple the real mystery is how long did they live with the croatoans and what happened after that how long did they survive on that island did they leave from that island did they die in the first winter what happened and that's what the archaeology shows now here's scott with the details

so king philip the second of spain who had been married to bloody mary in the 1580s he was on a quest to make the entire world catholic right now spain had become vastly wealthy and powerful because of the new world and it wasn't just the gold that they were stealing from the mayan and aztec or the silver that they were stealing out of bolivia but coffee sugar tobacco all of these things were making spain very rich and powerful and they were had recently kind of conquered the netherlands the dutch and the netherlands were allies with the english so there was a proxy war where the people in the netherlands were rebelling against the spanish rule and the english were providing the the dutch with cannons horses everything short of english troops so it's kind of like um right now in ukraine we're not fighting russia but we're giving ukraine whatever they ask for so that's what was going on and at the same time england was conquering ireland and the irish were resisting english rule and the spanish were giving them guns and money to fight english so it's a double proxy war it was pretty obvious that it was going to turn into a hot war directly between england and spain which it did and before that happened the queen was presented with a paper that laid out all the reasons why she too should put a colony in a new world not only to rob the spanish of their wealth but to gain some herself by whatever they could find over here and she agreed to it and the uh the first couple voyages were run by humphrey gilbert who's a relative of raleigh's and they went to canada and not a lot came out of it and he ended up they all drowned now sir walter raleigh was on a different ship from gilbert and turned around mid-voyage because he was low on food and it's a good thing he did because everybody else got hit by a hurricane and drowned so now the patent passes to raleigh and raleigh is in charge of planting a basically an offshore military base to use against spain and he goes further south and sends arthur barlow and philip amadas the two ship captains who land ironically july 4th on croatollan hadris island and they are not trying to plant a colony they're not bringing any women they're not trying to build a jamestown type thing in the beginning they just wanted to stick it to spain

to serve my queen and find the new world.

The proximity of the Gulf Stream to Hatteras Island makes it a perfect place to rob Spanish ships. And while they're here, of course, they make some secondary money by trading with the Croatoan and getting deer skins and pearls and tobacco. And they've brought a few natives home with them and um they did that so that the second voyage they wouldn't be doing charades the whole time the first voyage they spent only six weeks here because they were it was a recon mission before they spent all this money and they want to know what they're getting into so the military landed on hatters island they lived here for six weeks seven of them went in a long boat and explored the sound where they did go to roland oak island for one day and then they all left and went back to england as planned and when they did they brought mania wanchis with them and they decked these guys out in all this leather and pearls and kind of used them as like male models to promote the place and it worked because there were seven ships that came the next year six of them were financed by leather merchants the largest ship which was called tiger was the queens and it was built by henry the eighth her father so they've got a lot of investors in this colony and most of them are dealing with leather because the deerskins that they were getting from here you could get 50 for one copper pot so huge return on that so in 1585 you have seven ships and 600 soldiers still no women still not a the colony still stick it to spain they robbed two spanish ships on the way here they um went into puerto rico and stole everything down to the door hinges and they're just giving it to spain all the way here when the tiger the largest ship arrived the other ships were already here the tiger was the last to arrive the red lion was the first to arrive and they dropped 32 men off on croatoan because that's where they were going and done anything with roanoke yet four months later some guys go to roanoke island and some others stay on hatteras island the reason that they went to roanoke island is because they had started a war with the croatoans enemies the sequiton and that began when ralph lane the military captain ordered the town of auguskok which we joke and say i stole your cup you stole my cup was burned to the ground over one stolen cup it was a silver cup but still it was missing possibly stolen and he ralph lane burned this entire village and they're adjoining fields of corn and that's the beginning of a downward spiral that kind of culminates with the murder of the second chief who they shot in the back under a flag of truce real cowardly and then cut his head off so the second 10 um are going to retaliate but um not on this group because the um the guys living under edward stafford on hatteras island see francis drake coming up the coast and they flag him down with smoke and drake comes in and he's willing to resupply ralph lane with whatever he wants he gives him all the gunpowder and food and everything he asked for loaded up on a ship called the francis well a nor'easter hit in the morning and francis is gone so he's not going to load another ship full of supplies and give it to ralph lane so instead he offers them a ride home and they take it so they all leave now they didn't know that the third voyage was almost there the resupply of the second voyage was almost there but they missed each other so the third voyage does go to roanoke island they don't know that they've murdered a sequiton chief and burned a village and kidnapped people and all this stuff so they're basically just diving into a wood chipper and have no idea and so one of them gets shot through the mouth with an arrow and another one gets his head bashed in their fort is burned down and you know they shoot an indian in the leg and it's death and destruction and this is the sequiton of course attacking them for good reason now comes your lost colony right now they do have women it's probably why they're lost because the guys wouldn't ask for directions with the women around no so they they come in and they want to go to chesapeake bay they want to go to somewhere with a deep harbor not necessarily chesapeake but chesapeake bay somewhere like jamestown so you can bring fat supply ships in deep harbor it's not as good for looting the spanish but this is a different thing this is a colony instead of a military um base so they have to stop by roland oak island quickly to pick up the 15 men from the year before who they don't know are dead right and when they're doing this um they arrive and they find the houses are overgrown with grass and melons there's actually deer inside eating them they see the fort has been burned down then they see a skeleton just sitting there sun-dried bleached bones and no sign of the 15 men it doesn't look good right then one of your colonists is murdered his name is george howe he shot 16 times arrows at his head bashed in so pretty obvious he was murdered um when this event happens and george howe is murdered john white the governor sends 20 englishmen with manio and stafford who is familiar with croatoan and of course manuals from croaton they send them to carlaton to find out who killed george howe are any of the 15 men still alive you know answer some questions they get to hatteras island and they're hosted to a feast and they're eating fish and deer and duck and corn and they tell them they're sitting around a fire playing music and they tell them yeah george howe was killed by the sequiton and two of your 15 men were killed and the rest were chased off and the sequiton did that too and so at this point the english asked the crow atonement for help they said can you negotiate peace for us and let them know that we will forgive them for killing george howe and all this if they can forgive us for murdering their chief because we didn't do it that was a different group and we just want to get along but if they don't want to get along then we're going to kill them all and they have one week to give an answer and after that we're we're coming for them so a week goes by and they don't hear anything so the english go to dasakamonapo which is today man's harbor if you go from roanoke island across the sound of the mainland immediately two feet in is man's harbor and there was a sequiton village there well they get there and the croatoan have sacked that village and they're stealing all of the corn and pumpkins and one of them calls out stafford by name and they they come over and they've got manio to interpret and they said look um when we rolled up here they fled as soon as they saw us because they've always hated us and we've always hated them so we're stealing all their food would you like some and the english are kind of sure that's that works too right minnetonin is there the croatoan chief with his wife and baby they give him a ride on the light horse which is actually a small boat to roanoke island and he watches manio get baptized he watches baby harvey be born he watches virginia dare be born there's two babies born and um you know this is the situation the colony was in before the governor left and then he instructed them to write down where they were going and put a cross underneath it if it was uh for danger and to put it in an obvious location like a tree governor leaves he can't come back for three years because of a lot of bad noise with spain and france eventually he hitchhikes with pirates and they um get to roanoke island and they have to anchor in the ocean and take small boats to cross the inlets to get into the sound to roanoke and while they were doing that seven people drowned including the captain and the the crew mutinies and they don't want to go any further and john white say we'll convince them to try one more time and then they they succeed this time and they make it to roanoke island but spirits are in the toilet they see the word croatoan carved on the palisade and they find some sacred cannonballs and that's it and the governor says okay well let's go to croatoan that makes sense let's go they get back in the ship they start heading south toward crow atollan they hit by a hurricane damages the ships rips out an anchor and the crew has had it that was the last straw and they don't want to turn around so they end up wrecking in ireland the last thing that the governor wrote down about it is that he was greatly joyed to find a the word of the safe arrival of the colony at the island of croatoan the place remaniel was born the people that island are friends they only came to renew the old love that existed between them at the first and renew their friendship and live amongst them as brothers that's what he said so how you get lost out of that i don't know abandoned maybe but um the next person that comes in the next written source we have is john lawson who says there were blue-eyed indians who told him their ancestors were white people who came on raleigh's ship that could speak out of a book meaning read well let's put some science to it and do some archaeology on the croaton site are there any elizabethan artifacts there yes so you know what else do you want we have more evidence of the colony coming here than we did for weapons of mass destruction and we fought a war over that

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Nooo! Shut up! Die! Let's go! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Hundreds of men would stay for 14 months. It begins with 600 people. Most leave after the first month, but 105 stay. In August of that year, August 24th, that group splits up. A portion go to Roanoke Island, a portion stay in Croatoan. In 1586, that group hitched a ride home with Sir Francis Drake, the privateer slash pirate. They just missed their resupply ship. That arrives, not knowing what had happened. Everybody was gone. So they leave 15 soldiers at the fort in Roanoke. And then they leave. In 1587, more come to pick up the 15 men who had been left behind, discovered they'd all been killed. These people get marooned by their captain, Simon Fernando, Portuguese captain. He leaves. There are some circumstances that explain why that is. This becomes the lost colony. They have two natives with them from Croatoan, where they had already been living, where they had had prior voyages to. This is Toei and Mantio. Obviously, they went back to Croatoan. They literally wrote it down. It's not really a mystery where this group goes. It went back to where the previous voyages had already established a place to live.

It went back to the place where they had friendly Native Americans with them from that area, from that tribe. And that is what they wrote down. But if you omit the prior voyages to Croatoan and you act like, oh, the story just starts on Roanoke with no previous history, then it's confusing. That's all it is. They don't tell you about the previous voyages. They don't tell you that they took Croatoan Indians back to England and then back to Roanoke with them. All of that's missing. When you have the details, the story is simple. The real mystery is how long did they live with the Croatoans and what happened after that? How long did they survive on that island? Did they leave from that island? Did they die in the first winter? What happened? And that's what the archaeology shows. Now here's Scott with the details. So King Philip II of Spain, who had been married to Bloody Mary, in the 1580s, he was on a quest to make the entire world Catholic, right? Now Spain had become vastly wealthy and powerful because of the New World. And it wasn't just the gold that they were stealing from the Mayan and Aztec or the silver that they were stealing out of Bolivia. But coffee, sugar, tobacco, all of these things were making Spain very rich and powerful.

And they had recently kind of conquered the Netherlands, the Dutch. And the Netherlands were allies with the English. So there was a proxy war where the people in the Netherlands were rebelling against the Spanish rule. And the English were providing the Dutch with cannons, horses, everything short of English troops. So it's kind of like right now in Ukraine. We're not fighting Russia, but we're giving Ukraine whatever they ask for. So that's what was going on. And at the same time, England was conquering Ireland, and the Irish were resisting English rule, and the Spanish were giving them guns and money to fight the English. So it's a double proxy war. It was pretty obvious that it was going to turn into a hot war directly between England and Spain, which it did. And before that happened, the queen was presented with a paper that laid out all the reasons why she, too, should put a colony in a new world, not only to rob the Spanish of their wealth, but to gain some herself by whatever they could find over here. And she agreed to it, and the first couple voyages were run by Humphrey Gilbert, who's a relative of Raleigh's. And they went to Canada, and not a lot came out of it, and he ended up, they all drowned. Now, Sir Walter Raleigh was on a different ship from Gilbert and turned around mid-voyage because he was low on food, and it's a good thing he did because everybody else got hit by a hurricane and drowned. So now the patent passes to Raleigh, and Raleigh is in charge of planting basically an offshore military base to use against Spain. And he goes further south and sends Arthur Barlow and Philip Amadas, the two ship captains, who land, ironically, July 4th on Croatoan, Hatteras Island. And they are not trying to plant a colony. They're not bringing any women. They're not trying to build a Jamestown-type thing. In the beginning, they just wanted to stick it to Spain. The proximity of the Gulf Stream to Hatteras Island makes it a perfect place to rob Spanish ships. And while they're here, of course, they make some secondary money by trading with the Croatoan and getting deer skins and pearls and tobacco, and they brought a few natives home with them. And they did that so that the second voyage, they wouldn't be doing charades the whole time. The first voyage, they spent only six weeks here because it was a recon mission before they spent all this money, and they wanted to know what they were getting into. So the military landed on Hatteras Island.

They lived here for six weeks. Seven of them went in a longboat and explored the sound where they did go to Roanoke Island for one day. And then they all left and went back to England as planned. And when they did, they brought Manny O'Wanchis with them. And they decked these guys out in all this leather and pearls and kind of used them as like male models to promote the place. And it worked because there were seven ships that came the next year. Six of them were financed by leather merchants. The largest ship, which was called Tiger, was the Queens, and it was built by Henry VIII, her father. So they've got a lot of investors in this colony, and most of them are dealing with leather because the deer skins that they were getting from here, you could get 50 for one copper pot. So huge return on that. So in 1585, you have seven ships and 600 soldiers, still no women, still not a colony, still stick it to Spain. They robbed two Spanish ships on the way here. They went into Puerto Rico and stole everything down to the door hinges. And they're just giving it to Spain all the way here.

When the Tiger, the largest ship, arrived, the other ships were already here. The Tiger was the last to arrive. The Red Lion was the first to arrive, and they dropped 32 men off on Croatoan because that's where they were going and done anything with Roanoke yet. Four months later, some guys go to Roanoke Island and some others stay on Hatteras Island. The reason that they went to Roanoke Island is because they had started a war with the Croatoan's enemies, the Secretan. And that began when Ralph Lane, the military captain, ordered the town of Aguskalcock, which we joke and say, I stole your cup. You stole my cup! It was burned to the ground over one stolen cup. It was a silver cup, but still it was missing, possibly stolen. And Ralph Lane burned this entire village and they're adjoining fields of corn. And that's the beginning of a downward spiral that kind of culminates with the murder of the Secretan chief, who they shot in the back under a flag of truce, real cowardly, and then cut his head off. So the Secretan are going to retaliate, but not on this group. Because the guys living under Edward Stafford on Hatteras Island see Francis Drake coming up the coast and they flag him down with smoke. And Drake comes in and he's willing to resupply Ralph Lane with whatever he wants. He gives him all the gunpowder and food and everything he asked for loaded up on a ship called the Francis. Well, a nor'easter hit in the morning and Francis is gone. So he's not going to load another ship full of supplies and give it to Ralph Lane. So instead he offers them a ride home and they take it. So they all leave. Now they didn't know that the third voyage was almost there. The resupply of the second voyage was almost there, but they missed each other. So the third voyage does go to Roanoke Island. They don't know that they've murdered a sequitur chief and burned a village and kidnapped people and all this stuff. So they're basically just diving into a wood chipper and have no idea. And so one of them gets shot through the mouth with an arrow and another one gets his head bashed in. Their fort is burned down and, you know, they shoot an Indian in the leg and it's death and destruction. And this is the sequitur, of course, attacking them for good reason. Now comes your lost colony, right? Now they do have women. It's probably why they're lost because the guys wouldn't ask for directions with the women around. No. So they come in and they want to go to Chesapeake Bay. They want to go to somewhere with a deep harbor. Not necessarily Chesapeake, but Chesapeake Bay somewhere like Jamestown. So you can bring fat supply ships in, deep harbor. It's not as good for looting the Spanish, but this is a different thing. This is a colony instead of a military base. So they have to stop by Roanoke Island quickly to pick up the 15 men from the year before who they don't know are dead, right? And when they're doing this, they arrive and they find the houses are overgrown with grass and melons. There's actually deer inside eating them. They see the fort has been burned down. Then they see a skeleton just sitting there, sun-dried, bleached bones, and no sign of the 15 men. It doesn't look good, right? Then one of your lost colonists is murdered. His name is George Howe, who shot 16 times the arrows at his head bashed in. So pretty obvious he was murdered. When this event happens and George Howe is murdered, John White, the governor, sends 20 Englishmen with Manteau and Stafford, who is familiar with Kroatoan, and of course Manteau is from Kroatoan. They send them to Kroatoan to find out who killed George Howe. Are any of the 15 men still alive? You know, answer some questions. They get to Hatteras Island and they're hosted to a feast and they're eating fish and deer and duck and corn. And they tell them they're sitting around a fire playing music and they tell them, yeah, George Howe was killed by the sequitur. And two of your 15 men were killed and the rest were chased off and the sequitur did that too. And so at this point, the English asked the Kroatoan for help. They said, can you negotiate peace for us and let them know that we will forgive them for killing George Howe and all this if they can forgive us for murdering their chief? Because we didn't do it.

That was a different group and we just want to get along. But if they don't want to get along, then we're going to kill them all. And they have one week to give an answer. And after that, we're coming for them. So a week goes by and they don't hear anything. So the English go to Dasakamonapo, which is today Man's Harbor. If you go from Roanoke Island across the sound of the mainland, immediately two feet in is Man's Harbor. And there was a sequitur village there. Well, they get there and the Kroatoan have sacked that village and are stealing all of the corn and pumpkins. And one of them calls out Stafford by name and they come over and they've got Manio to interpret. And they said, look, when we rolled up here, they fled as soon as they saw us because they've always hated us and we've always hated them. So we're stealing all their food. Would you like some? And the English are kind of, sure, that works too, right? Minnetonin is there, the Kroatoan chief with his wife and baby. They give him a ride on the light horse, which is actually a small boat to Roanoke Island. He watches Manio get baptized. He watches baby Harvey be born. He watches Virginia Dare be born.

It was two babies born. And, you know, this is the situation that the colony was in before the governor left. And then he instructed them to write down where they were going and put a cross underneath it if it was for danger and to put it in an obvious location like a tree. Governor leaves. He can't come back for three years because of a lot of bad noise with Spain and France. Eventually, he hitchhikes with pirates and they get to Roanoke Island and they have to anchor in the ocean and take small boats to cross the inlets to get into the sound to Roanoke. And while they were doing that, seven people drowned, including the captain. And the crew mutinies and they don't want to go any further. And John White said, we'll convince them to try one more time. And then they succeed this time and they make it to Roanoke Island. But spirits are in the toilet. They see the word Kroatoan carved on the palisade and they find some sacred cannonballs.

And that's it. And the governor says, OK, well, let's go to Kroatoan. That makes sense. Let's go. They get back in the ship. They start heading south toward Kroatoan. They get hit by a hurricane. Damages the ships, rips out an anchor. And the crew has had it. That was the last straw. They don't want to turn around. So they end up wrecking in Ireland. The last thing that the governor wrote down about it is that he was greatly joyed to find a token, the word, of the safe arrival of the colony at the island of Kroatoan, the place where Emmanuel was born. The people at Ireland are friends. They only came to renew the old love that existed between them at the first and renew their friendship and live amongst them as brothers. That's what he said. So how you get lost out of that, I don't know. Abandoned, maybe. But the next person that comes in, the next written source we have is John Lawson, who says there were blue-eyed Indians who told them their ancestors were white people who came on Raleigh's ship that could speak out of a book, meaning read. Well, let's put some science to it and do some archaeology on the Kroatoan site. Are there any Elizabethan artifacts there? Yes. So, you know, what else do you want? We have more evidence of the colony coming here than we did for weapons of mass destruction, and we fought a war over that. We have more evidence of the colony coming here than we did for weapons of mass destruction, and we fought a war over that. We have more evidence of the colony coming here than we did for weapons of mass destruction, and we fought a war over that. We have more evidence of the colony coming here than we fought a war over that. We have more evidence of the colony coming here than we fought a war over that.